How do search engines actually work?

Discover how search engines work and understand the complex algorithms behind them. Learn about indexing, ranking, and optimizing your website.
Senast uppdaterad
September 9, 2025

Search engines such as Google and Bing have become an integral part of our daily lives and help us search through vast swathes of information on the internet.

But how do search engines work? In this article, we will provide a comprehensive guide to how search engines work, including crawling and indexing, ranking algorithms, search engine results pages (SERPs), search engine optimization (SEO), and the future of search.

Crawling and indexing

Search engines are used to search the internet and collect data about web pages. They use automated programs, also called crawlers or crawlers, to perform this work.

To understand how search engines work, it is important to know that they do not index web pages automatically. Crawlers can only find pages that are linked from other pages, this means that if your site lacks inbound links, search engines may never find it.

To ensure that search engines find and index your pages, you can submit a sitemap, a form of a list of all your pages.

IMPORTANT: Don't forget to publish your sitemap.

As you become familiar with crawling and indexing, you will understand the importance of optimizing your pages for search engines. This means, among other things, that you use keywords and phrases that match the user's searches and that you provide high-quality content that other sites want to link to.

Ranking Algorithms

Search engines have ranking algorithms that determine the relevance and authority of each page. These algorithms take into account a variety of factors including keywords, backlinks, and user behavior.

The specific factors used by each search engine's algorithm are well-kept secrets, but experts have identified some of the key signals that influence search results.

To begin with, it is important to understand that search engines use many different factors to determine how web pages rank. Below you will find some of the most important factors that affect your positioning in search results.

Relevance

Here the focus is on On-page SEO, a topic that we will go over in more detail in chapter three of this guide. But in order for you to have an idea of what on-page SEO is, it can be briefly explained like this; Search engines look for pages that are most relevant to the user's search query. This means that the content of the page should contain the keywords and phrases that the user is searching for.

Did you know: A well-planned keyword strategy can help you have relevant content for your target audience. Read more about keyword analysis.

Authority

Authority can be built using various techniques. You will learn more about this in the chapter Off-page SEO. Search engines consider the authority of the site and the page in their ranking process. Search engines take into account, among other things, the number and quality of incoming links from other websites, as well as the overall reputation or visibility of your website and its content.

Did you know: Older domains have higher authority which has an impact on the entire website authority.

User signals

Search engines track different user behaviors, such as click-through rates, bounce rates, and time spent on a page. These signals can indicate the quality and relevance of a page. From this guide, you will gain an overall understanding of how you can track and interpret these signals, and thus understand what you need to improve in your SEO work. As you become more familiar with ranking algorithms, you will begin to understand how they interact to determine the ranking of a page.

For example, a page with high relevance but low authority can still rank well if it has strong user signals. Experts in SEO and search engines understand the complexity of ranking algorithms and the many factors that contribute to a page's ranking. It is also important to understand that ranking algorithms are constantly changing and evolving, so it is important to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and best practices.

Learn more: If you want to understand how to work with user signals, you can learn this in our course Digital Analysis.

Our top 5 resources to stay up to date on everything new

Here are top 5 resources for staying up to date with digital marketing, SEO and the entire digital landscape.

  1. The HubSpot Blog: HubSpot is one of the premier resources for all things digital marketing. Their blog includes everything from basic marketing concepts to more advanced techniques.
  2. Moz Blog: Moz is another leading voice in digital marketing. Their blog focuses on search engine optimization (SEO) and contains many useful tips and strategies to improve your website's visibility.
  3. Social Media Examiner: If you are interested in social media marketing, Social Media Examiner is the perfect resource. Their blog gives you insights into social media platforms and how you can use them to promote your brand.
  4. The Google Analytics Blog: Google Analytics is an essential resource for tracking and measuring your website's performance. Their blog gives you tips and tricks to get the most out of this powerful analytics tool.
  5. DigitalMarketer: DigitalMarketer offers courses, webinars and articles on everything from copywriting, conversion optimization to email marketing and lead generation. Their resources are useful for both beginners and experienced marketers.

The Future of Search Engines

Search engines continue to evolve to meet the needs of their users and new trends. The development of technologies such as voice search, the use of machine learning and artificial intelligence, has made internet searches even more accurate and relevant.

As search engines continue to adapt to future user needs, it will be exciting to see how these changes affect the landscape of search.

Summary

Search engines like Google and Bing have revolutionized the way we find and access information online. By understanding how search engines work, businesses and website owners can develop effective SEO strategies to improve their visibility and reach more potential customers.

As technology and search engines continue to evolve, it will be exciting to see how they change and adapt to meet the needs of users in the future. It is also interesting to see how we as marketers adapt to these changes.

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